1. Programming and Input: G-code, M-code, and other CNC programs are written according to machining drawings and transferred to the CNC system via USB drives, networks, or manual input.
2. Program Parsing: The CNC controller compiles and decodes the input program, converting digital instructions into motion parameters for machine axes (e.g., X, Y, Z axes).
3. Servo Drive: The controller sends signals to actuators such as servo motors or stepper motors, driving the machine's spindle, tool holder, worktable, and other components to move along predefined paths, speeds, and feed rates.
4. Machining Execution: The spindle rotates the cutting tool while coordinating with the movement of the worktable or tool holder to perform machining operations like turning, milling, drilling, and boring. Sensors provide real-time positional feedback during the process, enabling closed-loop control.